The Russian Federation’s recently updated National Security Strategy outlines the Kremlin’s vision for national security in the 21st century. The strategy elevates ‘hybrid’ warfare and ‘non-military threats’ to a preeminent position, emphasizing that Russia will use a combination of military, economic, political, informational, and social measures to achieve its goals. In this context, the Kremlin is prioritizing its information and influence operations as a key component of its hybrid warfare strategy, utilizing media outlets, social media, and proxies to sow discord, undermine trust, and spread disinformation. The Russian state-owned media conglomerate RT, alongside its subsidiary Sputnik News, plays a vital role in this strategy. RT, with its network of channels broadcasting in multiple languages, has become a prominent voice for the Kremlin’s narrative both domestically and internationally. Operating under the guise of independent news, RT’s content often echoes the Kremlin’s talking points, promotes pro-Russian propaganda, and attempts to discredit or delegitimize Western governments, institutions, and values. Sputnik News, with its extensive network of websites and social media accounts, employs similar tactics, disseminating Kremlin-friendly narratives and engaging in disinformation campaigns. The Kremlin’s information warfare also extends beyond its own media apparatus, as it actively supports and cultivates a network of proxy outlets and individuals who amplify and propagate its messaging. These proxies, often posing as independent journalists or experts, use social media and other online platforms to disseminate Kremlin-aligned narratives, sow discord, and promote division. The Kremlin’s use of hybrid warfare, with its emphasis on information and influence operations, poses significant challenges to Western democracies. The Kremlin’s efforts to undermine Western unity, erode trust in democratic institutions, and spread disinformation can have a destabilizing impact on societies and create fertile ground for further aggression. Countering the Kremlin’s hybrid warfare requires a comprehensive approach that addresses both the overt and covert dimensions of its strategy. Western governments must invest in media literacy initiatives, supporting citizens’ ability to critically evaluate information and identify disinformation. Additionally, there is a need for greater transparency and accountability in social media platforms, ensuring that they do not become conduits for Kremlin-backed propaganda. The West must also strengthen its own strategic communications capabilities, countering Kremlin disinformation with accurate information and promoting democratic values and principles. This includes supporting independent media outlets and promoting media freedom in Russia and beyond. The Kremlin’s hybrid warfare is a complex and evolving challenge. However, by understanding the Kremlin’s tactics and investing in effective countermeasures, Western democracies can mitigate the impact of these malign activities and protect their societies from the corrosive effects of disinformation and propaganda..
Russia’s ‘Hybrid’ War: How It Uses Media and Proxies to Undermine the West
